The influence of plasma on the evolution of scattering singularities in microwave cavities remains largely unexplored, despite its importance for controlling reflectionless plasma excitation. In this work, we investigate the evolution of scattering singularities in a plasma-loaded microwave cavity. To analyze this complex interaction, a numerical model describing an experimental cavity containing a plasma tube is developed. This model enables the tracking of singularity evolution across various plasma configurations and explains the underlying physical mechanisms. Our results demonstrate that significant changes in the imaginary frequency of these singularities occur...

<div><p>We propose a new geometric interpretation of Eguchi's construction, which associates to a statistical divergence, an essential ingredient of Information Geometry, a statistical structure on a differentiable manifold. Our approach is based on bi-Lagrangian geometry. Building on the work of O. E. Barndorff-Nielsen and P. E. Jupp [1], we show that a statistical divergence naturally induces a bi-Lagrangian structure, hence a para-Kähler structure. Within this framework, the Riemannian metric g D and the pair of dual connections (∇ D , * ∇ D ) of Eguchi's construction are induced by the para-Kähler structure: g D is the restriction to the diagonal of the para-Kähler...

Thermal infrared imaging is a non-contact method for assessing cognitive and emotional states through facial temperature variations linked to autonomic nervous system activity. In addition to temperature measurement, it enables observation of facial expressions and body movements in low-visibility conditions such as darkness or smoke, making it well suited for safety-critical environments like aircraft cockpits. This study investigates the possibility to automatically detect startle and surprise (S&S) responses, which pose risks to aviation safety, and evaluates the feasibility of automatically detecting and classifying their intensity using facial thermal videos. The...

The Reissner-Simo and Hodges models are two equivalent continuous descriptions of finite-strain beam dynamics. The Reissner-Simo formulation uses displacements and rotations, while the Hodges formulation is intrinsic and avoids both variables. Although equivalent in theory, the two approaches behave differently after discretization and offer distinct numerical advantages. In this work, we develop a structure-preserving discretization of the intrinsic planar beam formulation. Because the intrinsic equations involve linear differential operators, both kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions can be imposed naturally using mixed finite elements. The resulting formulation...

Adaptive automation is increasingly explored in air traffic control as a means to manage variability in operational demand while preserving controller engagement, situation awareness, and authority. This paper reports the COntroller adaptive Digital Assistant (CODA) contribution on making adaptive task delegation governable in supervisory work. We specify an adaptive automation strategy for non-critical air traffic control support tasks that combines explicit mode logic, authority contracts, and interface mechanisms that render delegation inspectable at the point of action. Adaptation is formalised as a closed-loop policy driven by three trigger classes-traffic demand...

Background: the Skill, Rule, and Knowledge (S-R-K) model is a framework used to describe and analyze human behaviour and decision-making in complex environments based on the nature of the task and kind of cognitive control required. The S-R-K model is particularly useful in fields like human factor engineering, system design, and safety-critical industries because it helps to understand human errors and how they relate to different levels of cognitive control. However, the S-R-K model is still qualitative and lacks specific and quantifiable metrics for determining what kind of cognitive control a person is using at any given time. This aspect makes difficult to directly...

Interferences pose a significant risk to applications that rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). They have the potential to degrade GNSS performance and even result in service disruptions. The most notable type of intentional interference is characterized by a constant modulus, such as chirp and tone interferences. These interferences have a straightforward structure, leading to the creation of complex circles when attempting to identify their contribution. To address the interference and improve the situation, we calculate the maximum likelihood estimator for the relevant parameters (time delay and Doppler shift) while considering the presence of these...

Explainability is crucial for establishing user trust in Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly within safety-critical domains such as Air Traffic Management (ATM) and Air Traffic Control (ATC). This study empirically investigates the effects of Explainable AI (XAI), specifically HeatMap-based visual explanations, on cognitive workload, user acceptance, and intention to use AI-driven decision-support systems among Air Traffic Control Officers (ATCOs). Despite significant theoretical advancements in the broader XAI domain, empirical evidence addressing the specific impact of visual explanations on human-AI interactions in safety-critical environments like ATC remains...

The physics underlying the leakage power of a plasma-based microwave power limiter in a printed transmission line is theoretically and numerically explored. An analytical expression for the leakage power is proposed, based on a local energy balance between the microwave power dissipated in the plasma discharge and losses due to collisions and diffusion towards the walls. This model is validated through comparison with self-consistent microwave–plasma interaction simulations and provides a physical explanation for the experimental constancy of leakage power with respect to moderate incident powers. A detailed analysis of leakage behaviour under varying operational...